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+
+THE
+CONSTITUTION
+oftheUnitedStates
+NATIONAL CONSTITUTION CENTER
+C O N S T I T U T I O N O F T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S
+We the People of the United States, in Order to form a
+more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic
+Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote
+the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to
+ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this
+Constitution for the United States of America.
+Article.I.
+SECTION. 1.
+All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a
+Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Sen-
+ate and House of Representatives.
+SECTION. 2.
+The House of Representatives shall be composed of Mem-
+bers chosen every second Year by the People of the several
+States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifi -
+cations requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch
+of the State Legislature.
+No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have
+attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven
+Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not,
+when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he
+shall be chosen.
+[Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned
+among the several States which may be included within
+this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which
+shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of
+free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term
+of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fi fths of
+all other Persons.]* The actual Enumeration shall be made
+within three Years after the fi rst Meeting of the Congress
+of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of
+ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The
+Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every
+thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one
+Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made,
+the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse
+three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence
+Plantations one, Connecticut fi ve, New-York six, New
+Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland
+six, Virginia ten, North Carolina fi ve, South Carolina fi ve,
+and Georgia three.
+When vacancies happen in the Representation from any
+State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of
+Election to fi ll such Vacancies.
+The House of Representatives shall chuse their
+Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole
+Power of Impeachment.
+SECTION. 3.
+The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
+Senators from each State, [chosen by the Legislature there-
+of,]* for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.
+Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence
+of the fi rst Election, they shall be divided as equally as may
+be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the fi rst
+Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year,
+of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and
+of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that
+one third may be chosen every second Year; [and if Vacan-
+cies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess
+of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may
+make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of
+the Legislature, which shall then fi ll such Vacancies.]*
+1
+C O N S T I T U T I O N O F T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S
+No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained
+to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of
+the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an
+Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
+The Vice President of the United States shall be
+President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless
+they be equally divided.
+The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a
+President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice
+President, or when he shall exercise the Office of
+President of the United States.
+The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeach-
+ments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on
+Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United
+States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no
+Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two
+thirds of the Members present.
+Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend
+further than to removal from Offi ce, and disqualifi cation to
+hold and enjoy any Offi ce of honor, Trust or Profi t under
+the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless
+be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and
+Punishment, according to Law.
+SECTION. 4.
+The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for
+Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each
+State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at
+any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as
+to the Places of chusing Senators.
+The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and
+such Meeting shall be [on the fi rst Monday in December,]*
+unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.
+SECTION. 5.
+Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns
+and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority
+of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a
+smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be
+authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members,
+in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House
+may provide.
+Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings,
+punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the
+Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.
+Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and
+from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts
+as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas
+and Nays of the Members of either House on any question
+shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered
+on the Journal.
+Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, with-
+out the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three
+days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two
+Houses shall be sitting.
+SECTION. 6.
+The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compen-
+sation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid
+out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all
+Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be
+privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Ses-
+sion of their respective Houses, and in going to and return-
+ing from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either
+House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.
+No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for
+which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Offi ce
+under the Authority of the United States, which shall have
+been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been
+encreased during such time; and no Person holding any
+Offi ce under the United States, shall be a Member of either
+House during his Continuance in Offi ce.
+2
+C O N S T I T U T I O N O F T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S
+SECTION. 7.
+All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of
+Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with
+Amendments as on other Bills.
+Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Represen-
+tatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be
+presented to the President of the United States; If he ap-
+prove he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his
+Objections to that House in which it shall have originated,
+who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal,
+and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration
+two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall
+be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House,
+by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved
+by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in
+all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined
+by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for
+and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each
+House respectively, If any Bill shall not be returned by the
+President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall
+have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in
+like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by
+their Adjournament prevent its Return, in which Case it
+shall not be a Law.
+Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concur-
+rence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be
+necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be
+presented to the President of the United States; and before
+the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or be-
+ing disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of
+the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the
+Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
+SECTION. 8.
+The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes,
+Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide
+for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United
+States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform
+throughout the United States;
+To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
+To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among
+the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;
+To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uni-
+form Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the
+United States;
+To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign
+Coin, and fi x the Standard of Weights and Measures;
+To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securi-
+ties and current Coin of the United States;
+To establish Post Offi ces and post Roads;
+To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by
+securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the
+exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
+To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
+To defi ne and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on
+the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations;
+To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and
+make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
+To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of
+Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two
+Years;
+To provide and maintain a Navy;
+To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the
+land and naval Forces;
+To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws
+of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
+To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the
+Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be
+employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to
+the States respectively, the Appointment of the Offi cers,
+and the Authority of training the Militia according to the
+discipline prescribed by Congress;
+3